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5-3
Chapter 5 Measurements and Calculations
Measurement Accuracy
Measurement values can vary, depending on the nature of the ultrasound, the body’s response to ultrasound,
the measurement tools, algorithms, product settings, probe type and user operation.
Before using this product, make sure to read and understand the following information regarding the causes
of measurement errors, and measurement optimization.
Causes of Measurement Errors
Image Resolution
The resolution of ultrasound images may be limited by the available space.
▶
Errors due to a signal range may be minimized by adjusting focus settings. Optimizing focus settings
increases the resolution of the measurement area.
▶
In general, lateral resolution is lower than axial resolution. Therefore, measurements should be
performed along the axis of the ultrasound beam to obtain accurate values.
▶
Gain has a direct impact on resolution. Gain can be adjusted by using the Gain button for each
mode.
▶
In general, increasing the frequency of ultrasound enhances resolution.
Pixel Size
▶
An ultrasound images in the product consist of pixels.
▶
Since a single pixel represents the basic unit of an image, a measurement error may result in the
displacement of approximately ±1 pixel when compared to the original image size.
▶
However, this error becomes signicant only when a narrow area in an image is measured.
Ultrasound Velocity
▶
The velocity of ultrasound used during measurement is usually 1,540 m/s on average.
▶
The velocity of ultrasound may vary depending on the cell type.
▶
The possible range of error is between approximately 2-5% depending on the structure of cells (about
2% for typical cells and about 5% for fatty cells).
- Volume 1 1
- WARRANTY 2
- Safety Requirements 8
- Declarations: 9
- Read This First 10
- If You Need Assistance 11
- Revision History 12
- Table of Contents – Volume 1 13
- Chapter3 Starting Diagnosis 14
- Chapter4 Diagnosis Modes 14
- Table of Contents 15
- ** Reference Manual 16
- Chapter1 17
- Indication for Use 19
- Safety Signs 20
- Chapter 1 Safety 21
- Electrical Safety 24
- ECG-Related Information 26
- Mechanical Safety 34
- Safety Note 35
- Biological Safety 36
- Applying ALARA 37
- Direct Controls 37
- Indirect Controls 38
- Additional Considerations 39
- Output Display Features 39
- Mechanical Index (MI) Display 40
- Thermal Index (TI) Display 40
- 2D-mode Controls 42
- Color and Power Controls 42
- M mode and Doppler Controls 43
- Related Guidance Documents 44
- Systematic Uncertainties 47
- Training 48
- Environmental Protection 49
- Introduction 51
- Specications 53
- Chapter 2 Introduction 55
- Monitor 59
- Image Area 60
- Thumbnails Area 60
- User Information Area 60
- Soft Menu 60
- Control Panel 61
- Keyboard 65
- Adjusting Control Panel 66
- Rear Panel 67
- Power Connection Part 68
- Probe Holder 68
- N N 69
- External Peripheral Devices 70
- USB to RS-232C Serial Cable 71
- USB Foot Switch 71
- Accessories 73
- Optional Functions 74
- Starting Diagnosis 75
- Power Supply 77
- Probes & Applications 78
- Changing Application 79
- Editing Probe Preset Values 79
- Patient Information 81
- Accession 82
- Sonographer 84
- Description 84
- Indication 84
- LMP (Last Menstrual Period) 85
- GA (LMP) 85
- EDD (LMP) 85
- Estab. Due Date 85
- Gynecology 87
- Cardiac 87
- Urology 88
- Finding Patient Information 89
- Worklist Search 90
- Managing Patient Exams 91
- Viewing Exam 92
- Deleting Exam 92
- Sending Exams via DICOM 92
- Printing Exams via DICOM 93
- Exporting Exam 94
- Backing up Exam 95
- Changing Measurements 96
- The View Screen 97
- Diagnosis Modes 99
- Chapter 4 100
- Information 101
- Basic Use 102
- Using Soft Menu 103
- Basic Mode 104
- 2D Mode Soft Menu 105
- Read Zoom / Write Zoom 106
- Chapter 4 Diagnosis Modes 107
- Gray Map / L/R Flip 108
- Focus / U/D Flip 108
- Sector Width 108
- Frame Avg 108
- 2D Image Size 109
- Edge Enhance 109
- Pulse Inversion 109
- Frame Rate 110
- DynamicMR (Optional) 110
- Entering & Exiting M Mode 111
- M Mode Screen 112
- M Mode Soft Menu 112
- Color Doppler Mode 113
- C Mode Soft Menu 114
- Baseline / Filter 115
- Color Map 115
- Balance 115
- Color Format 115
- Color Mode 115
- Power Doppler Mode 116
- PD Mode Soft Menu 117
- PW Spectral Doppler Mode 118
- Sample Volume 119
- HPRF (High PRF) Function 119
- SV Size / Angle 120
- Auto Calc 120
- AutoCalc Direction 121
- Simultaneous 121
- Mean Trace 121
- Baseline 122
- CW Spectral Doppler Mode 123
- TDI Mode 124
- TDW Mode 125
- Combined Mode 126
- 2D/C/M Mode 127
- 2D/C Live Mode 127
- Multi-Image Mode 128
- Quad Mode 129
- 3D / 4D Mode 130
- 3D/4D Mode Screen 131
- 3D StandBy Mode 132
- View Mode 133
- Load Preset 133
- Scan Quality / Auto ROI 133
- Acquiring 3D Images 134
- 3D View-MPR 135
- Trackball Mode 136
- Moving Images 136
- Resizing ROI 136
- Entering Text and Indicator 137
- Saving and Printing 138
- Display 139
- Ref. Image 140
- 3D Orientation 140
- Auto Contour 140
- Operation Manual 142
- Cine Type 144
- Render Setup 146
- Render Mode 2 147
- TH. High 147
- 2D Palette 148
- 3D Palette 148
- MPR Mode Soft Menu 149
- 3D XI Mode (Optional) 151
- MSV Mode Menu 152
- Post Processing 153
- MSV Mode Soft Menu 154
- Oblique View 155
- Oblique View Mode Menu 157
- Oblique View Mode Soft Menu 158
- Volume CT Mode 159
- Cube Volume CT 160
- Select Surface 160
- Boundary 161
- Rotation 161
- Cross Volume CT 161
- Measurements and 163
- Calculations 163
- Chapter 5 164
- Measurement Accuracy 165
- Calculation Equation 166
- Human Error 166
- Doppler Signal Adjustment 166
- Aliasing 166
- Doppler Mode 167
- Color/Power Doppler Mode 167
- Cursor Position 168
- Measurement Accuracy Table 169
- PW/CW Spectral Doppler Mode 170
- Basic Measurements 171
- Cancel Measurement Results 172
- Delete Measurement Result 172
- Print Measurement Result 172
- Finish Basic Measurements 172
- Distance Measurement 173
- M Distance 174
- D Velocity 174
- Volume Measurement 179
- Distance + Ellipse 180
- Calculations by Application 182
- Measurement 183
- Common Measurement Methods 185
- Limited Trace 186
- Manual Trace 186
- Itemized Measurement 186
- Volume Flow Measurement 187
- Stenosis Measurement 188
- Heart Rate Measurement 188
- OB Calculation 189
- Measurement Menu 190
- Automatic Calculation 195
- AFI (Amniotic Fluid Index) 196
- How to measure 197
- Gynecology Calculation 198
- Cardiac Calculation 202
- Carotid Calculation 211
- Auto IMT Screen 216
- Measure Result Table 217
- Auto IMT Measurement 218
- Framingham 219
- Risk Factor 219
- Normal IMT 219
- Urology Calculation 220
- 3Distance 221
- 3 Distance * Factor 222
- Ellipsoid 222
- Sum of 20 Disks 223
- Fetal Echo Calculation 224
- LE Artery Calculation 228
- UE Artery 234
- Calculation 234
- LE Vein Calculation 237
- UE Vein Calculation 240
- Radiology Calculation 244
- TCD Calculation 248
- Thyroid Calculation 251
- Breast Calculation 252
- Testicle Calculation 254
- Supercial Calculation 255
- Pediatric Hips Calculation 256
- Type α β 257
- Musculoskeletal Calculation 258
- Viewing Report 259
- Editing Report 260
- Fetal Description 261
- Adding Comment 262
- Printing Report 262
- Saving Report 263
- Transferring Report 263
- Graph Function 264
- (m: Average 267
- : Standard Deviation)] 267
- Closing Report 268
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I want to learn how to do angle correction on PW Doppler on my machine.
How do I assess PW angle cursor?
I don't want to join the group.